10th Class Biology — Chapter 10: Gaseous Exchange (Notes)

10th Class Biology ke Chapter 10 “Gaseous Exchange” ke mukhtasar notes — sirf wo points jo paper me kaam ate hain: definitions, formulas aur wo batain jin par board sawal banata hai. Pehle ye notes parh lein, phir neeche diya gaya quiz de kar apni tayyari khud check kar lein.

Insaan aur podon me sans ka nizam — structures, mechanism aur ahem beemariyan, mukhtasar aur saaf.

Insani respiratory system — raste ki tartib

• Hawa ka rasta: nostrils → nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli.
• Larynx ko voice box kehte hain — awaz yahin banti hai.
• Epiglottis aik flap hai jo khana nigalte waqt trachea ko band kar deta hai taake khana sans ki nali me na jaye.
• Trachea ko C-shaped cartilage rings khula rakhte hain.
• Alveoli chhoti hawa bhari theliyan hain — asal gaseous exchange inhi ki deewaron se hota hai; in ke gird khoon ki bareek naliyon (capillaries) ka jaal hai.

Breathing ka mechanism

• Inhalation: diaphragm contract ho kar neeche jata hai, pasliyon (ribs) ke muscles bhi phailte hain → seenay ka volume barhta hai → hawa andar ati hai.
• Exhalation: diaphragm relax ho kar upar dome banata hai → volume ghat-ta hai → hawa bahir nikalti hai.
• Diaphragm seenay aur pait ke darmiyan ki bari muscle sheet hai — breathing ka main kirdar isi ka hai.
• Sans lenay (breathing) aur khaliyon me energy banne (respiration) me farq yaad rakhein — board is par sawal poochta hai.

Podon me gaseous exchange + beemariyan

• Patton me exchange stomata se hoti hai — har stoma do guard cells se ghira hota hai jo use kholte/band karte hain.
• Lakri wale tanon me exchange lenticels se; mangrove podon ki jarron me breathing roots (pneumatophores) hawa leti hain.
• Bronchitis — bronchi ki sozish. Pneumonia — phephron (alveoli) ka infection.
• Emphysema — alveoli ki deewarein toot jati hain, surface area kam ho jata hai; bari wajah cigarette noshi hai. Andar li hui hawa me oxygen taqreeban 21% hoti hai.